The Treaty of Paris: Articles

Cet article reprend le texte, mis à jour de l'évolution la plus récente, de l'exposé présenté par M. Pescatore à l'occasion de la session consacrée en 1976 par la Faculté internationale de droit comparé et le centre international d'études et de recherches européennes de Luxembourg sur le thème: "Le pouvoir exécutif". Qui est l'exécutif dans le système institutionnel de la Communauté? Le Conseil? La Commission? Les deux à la fois? Cette interrogation nous introduit au cœur d'un débat institutionnel qui est loin d'être clos et dont l'état le plus récent est représenté par le "rapport Tindermans".

The competitive policies of the Commission of the European Communities are based on the 1956 Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, and on the 1951 Treaty of Paris, which created the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and began Europe's move toward a common market. For the coal and steel markets the supranational government has superseded the national governments to a much greater extent than for the economy in general.

European Union steel policy offers a particularly good example of how policy ideas in the form of 'policy frames' can be transplanted across national boundaries and into supranational arenas via interests, in the form of advocacy coalitions, and individual policy entrepreneurs. This article describes and analyses this process over a fifty-year period, in terms of shifts in the balance of power in European steel policy which enabled a new policy frame to emerge.

La Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero nació con fecha de caducidad: su Tratado constitutivo adoptado el 18 de abril de 1951 (TCECA). La CECA desaparecerá de la esfera jurídica el 23 de julio del año 2002. Las autoridades comunitarias llevan varios años discutiendo el modo en que se va a llevar a cabo la disolución de esta Organización Internacional. En estas páginas se va a describir la situación actual y las medidas que ya han sido adoptadas para lograr que, el día de su vencimiento, la CE pueda hacerse cargo de las competencias que, hasta ahora, han correspondido a la CECA.

Cet article étudie certains des liens existants entre les politiques de la concurrence de la CECA et de la CEE, une correspondance souvent mentionnée dans la littérature historique mais rarement étudiée en tant que telle. Les politiques de la concurrence établies par le Traité de Paris et par le Traité de Rome ont pourtant des points communs en terme de réseaux d’acteurs et de fondements doctrinaux.

After recalling the slowness of the implementation processes for European treaties, Drevet emphasizes, in particular, Europe's need to build a common economic policy & to "be able to punch its weight" on the world stage. Adapted from the source document

Tanto la abortada Constitución Europea como el Tratado de Lisboa evitaron toda mención del cristianismo; en los documentos ordinarios de la Unión Europea se evita también cualquier alusión directa al cristianismo o las Iglesias. El artículo reflexiona sobre las causas de esta aversión.

The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) marks a milestone in international cooperation as it represents the first supranational treaty organisation in history. The national governments of France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries decided to delegate domestic decisionmaking authority in the coal and steel sectors to a new supranational organisation, the High Authority. The plan was presented to the public by the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, on 9 May 1950. In June 1950, the intergovernmental negotiations were launched. The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community was signed in April 1951 and, after successful ratification in France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries, it entered into force on 24 July 1952.

In the 1920s and 1930s German-speaking international legal scholars developed the jus cogens doctrine as a tool to renounce the disliked Paris Peace Treaties in the context of increasingly aggressive German revision policies. After 1945 Soviet thinkers of the used jus cogens to criticize Western economic and military integration, while newly independent states regarded the concept as a vehicle for distancing themselves from the traditional Western. This article highlights the multifaceted origins of the jus cogens doctrine.

The ECSC was based on an original idea, supra-nationality: membership required transference of sovereign powers to a new European authority. The coal/steel pool did not, however, contain a new operating mechanism that propelled integration forward, as optimistic social scientists have maintained both at the time and since. Operationally, the ECSC was a disappointment. The popular notion that it could lead to sectoral integration, in which success in one field triggered success in another, has no basis in historical fact.

The present article explores the problems and solutions involved in implementing the first step towards the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the first supranational inter-state organization.

This study examines the collective responses of the Europeans to different environments of integration by using a multiple interrupted time series design with panel data. The results suggest that the context of integration after important treaties changes the aggregate support for integration significantly. More importantly, the analysis provides evidence challenging some findings of earlier studies with regard to the impact of aggregate-level indicators of support for integration.

The idea of European unity is more complicated than its supporters or critics allow.

From its inception as the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, symbols have been a prominent but understudied dimension of European integration. With the Brexit process and the rise of politically powerful Eurosceptic movements across the EU in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis and Migration Crisis, academic studies of European integration must also account for European dis-integration, a realm in which symbols are as important, if not more so, than European integration from the 1950s to the 2010s. This chapter argues that postfunctionalist theory illuminates how the EU’s symbols are integral not only to the processes of European integration, but to the differentiated paths of European disintegration.